MR.
EDMUND DALEFORD: The Case for Euthanasia: Opening
Arguments:
This nation philosophically rests
upon the principle of individual rights. Rights, in a
nutshell, are negative obligations. One's right to life
implies that other entities cannot intervene with one's
attempts to live and to live better. It does not imply
an obligation on the part of society or private
individuals to keep one alive at their expense, nor does
it endow society with the authority to dictate the means
by which the pursuit of one's life can be undertaken. In
essence this grants the individual sole ownership of his
life and destiny, ownership implying the ability to
dispose of it as he deems fit.
In a normal and prosperous state of things, the rational
man will select to build up his material resources and
intellectual prowess in order to rise to a higher plane
of existence. However, circumstances may affect him
which permanently bar him from such pursuits. Thomas A.
Bowden, a Baltimore lawyer and senior writer for the Ayn
Rand Institute, presents such an example. "But what if
happiness becomes impossible to attain? What if a dread
disease, or some other calamity, drains all joy from
life, leaving only misery and suffering? The right to
life includes and implies the right to commit suicide.
To hold otherwise-- to declare that society must give
you permission to kill yourself-- is to contradict the
right to life at its root. If you have a duty to live,
despite your better judgment, then your life does not
belong to you; you live by permission, not by right." A
man whom an accident permanently disables, who cannot
pursue his career, who cannot live within his income,
who is spiraling down toward wretched poverty, is
forever confined to a miserly existence because his
former cognitive and physical capacities had been
deprived from him. He has lost all paths toward
happiness (confined by his pain), toward liberty
(confined by his ailment), and ultimately toward a life
proper to man. This man should have the choice to
terminate his life rather than face its horrific and
irreversible extrapolation.
Derived from his right of free association is the
ability to contact a willing physician for the purpose
of administering into his system the swiftest and least
gruesome means of alleviating his suffering. No man is
obliged to perform this service, but a truly free market
system should permit it by the following logic. "The
customer wants it. The supplier is paid for it. It is
therefore a consensual value trade, within the
decision-making range of conscientious, rational
adults."
The alternative to permitting physician-assisted suicide
is the frequently recurring scenario of bloody and
torturous individual suicides. Writes Mr. Bowden, "On
August 20, 1961, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist shot
himself dead, leaving behind a suicide note whose
poignant message reminds us of a truth that our society,
thirty-five years later, still has not squarely faced.
Dr. Percy Bridgman, who was 79 years old, had been
suffering through the final stages of terminal cancer.
Wracked with pain and bereft of hope, he sought a way to
end his life with dignity. But then, as now, it was
illegal for a doctor to administer drugs intended to
hasten death. So Dr. Bridgman got a gun, and somehow he
found the courage to pull the trigger, conscious of the
fact that he was condemning others to the agony of
discovering his bloody remains." That suicide in itself
is prohibited by law (as it should not be) is
impertinent to the matter at hand. Just as in the case
of highly injurious illegal abortions fifty years ago or
the underground drug cliques resorting to violent
criminal measures due to the prohibitive ban on their
commodities, so will suicides continue illegally,
imposing severe burdens upon not merely the concerned
individual, but on his relatives and acquaintances who
will be left with his remnants to dispose of while
constantly watching out for the vigilance of the law,
from which they are more likely to receive negligence
prosecution rather than sympathy on a personal level and
non-intervention on the political.
Moreover, the sole basis for the current abolition of
euthanasia stems from one of two sources: religious
imposition or statist collectivism. Mr. Bowden states,
"Religious conservatives, by contrast, reject the whole
idea of individual rights, asserting that your life is a
gift from God and that you are put on earth to fulfill a
divine plan. Not surprisingly, therefore, conservatives
shrink in revulsion from the very idea of assisted
suicide. According to them, one who decides to 'play
God' by causing his own death, or assisting in the death
of another, insults his Maker and invites eternal
damnation." Any attempt to force a religious viewpoint
upon a man through the authority of law violates the
essential doctrine of freedom of religion, which
separates America from the rotten Islamic theocracies of
Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the recently extinguished
Taliban in Afghanistan. Conservatives have the choice
not to commit suicide, not to request a physician's
services in that regard, and instead apply for their
hospital to retain them alive for the longest possible
period. They have the choice to follow their religion.
Their desire to live, whatever foundations it stems
from, is one that finds resonance within my conscience
even, despite the fact that I am an atheist. I would
never commit suicide, and I would likely attempt to
dissuade others inclined toward it. But I would never
dream of pointing a gun to their heads (that is
essentially what the coercive authority of law implies,
threatening the target to do as the government pleases,
or else detrimental consequences will follow) and
demanding that they refrain from killing themselves...
or else. Religious conservatives must understand that
their right of free religion does not imply the right to
forcefully convert the "suicidal infidel".
Lastly, there are numerous liberals who will oppose
assisted suicide on the grounds that the man willing to
surrender his own life is a valuable resource for
society, the marketplace, or the community. They will
urge a "weighing of interests" to decide, essentially,
whether the man's life is worth living. If they happen
to arrive at the latter conclusion, then away will go
all pretense at their support for free choice and
individual control over the state of their organisms.
The individual will be forced to live against his best
judgment because someone else's need binds him here on
this world.
To reject both theocracy and statism and to consistently
endorse human rights this country needs to legalize
assisted suicide and grant both patients and doctors the
economic and ideological freedom they rightly deserve.
MR. G. STOLYAROV II: The
Case Against Euthanasia: Opening Arguments:
Life is the ultimate and absolute basis for all values.
It is only the condition of life that makes the concept
of "value" possible. If one is deceased in a coffin, one
cannot espouse an ideological standpoint, nor engage in
self-ameliorating activities, nor partake in one's
hobbies and pastimes. Even the depraved mystics who
argue for the worthlessness of life on Earth, for a
transcendent nominal universe, for the need of
government protectionism, nevertheless require their
existences here on Earth as a prerequisite for the
ability to propagate such thoughts. Moreover, they
require humanly sentience to be able to formulate their
doctrines, and are unable to express any ideas
whatsoever on the level of unthinking, arbitrarily
pre-programmed, and oblivious animals whose conditions
they so extol. The above two axiomatic propositions, the
absolute value of life and the inseparably human
characteristic of reason as a means for its attainment,
are therefore the foundations of all morality.
To claim that suicide, or the deprivation of life, can
ever be a genuine value is to contradict reality and to
pursue non-existence while still existing, to pursue two
irreconcilable antitheses simultaneously. Death can
bring happiness, one might say? What happiness can an
entity experience, what of anything can an entity
experience that no longer retains its status as an
entity? A lack of life implies the inability to value. A
man who has committed suicide cannot hold any mental
states or pursuit, nor can he claim the satisfaction
which had supposedly led him to commit the act in the
first place. Death is the ultimate state of non-value,
which can never be justified through rational, moral
means. Because a man requires reason to live (and to
perform any activities whatsoever), an act on the death
premise is the ultimate repudiation of rationality
within the particular suicidal individual.
Not merely does
the suicidist seek to eat his cake and have it too, but,
by becoming a pursuer of euthanasia, he perverts the
integrity of the free market by introducing a coercive
element into it. What is the initiation of force, one
may ask? It is an arbitrary, subjective, coercive
imposition in defiance of reality, effectively barring
rational pursuits by inflicting pain upon those who
undertake them while leaving inherently destructive
irrational pursuits as the only alternative for the
victim. It is a double bind of death, and it is
instituted via the defiance of objective reality, by
temporarily rewarding the aggressor with some manner of
service from the victim in return for the inexorable
eventual demise of both for having deviated from
rationality, which is the sole means of consistently
maintaining life. The physician who assists in suicide
participates in such a coercive imposition, for the
reason that he is rewarded with the suicidist's money
for having performed an act contrary to all value and,
hence, to the only pathway to reality having been
available to the individual thus destroyed. This is
identical to the plunderer who robs an industrialist and
then briefly flourishes from the automobiles that he did
not manufacture, effectively defying reality by an
arbitrary and subjective confiscation. Neither of the
two trade value for value. Instead, they receive value
for non-value, a supplement to their lives in exchange
for another's death, and could thus rightly be dubbed
parasites.
The parasite does not survive for a significantly
protracted period of time beyond the life of his prey.
As soon as he finishes pillaging his victim, he
possesses no other means of sustenance and must search
for fresh deaths to cause and fresh non-values to
foster. Thus, a euthanasia doctor (a Death Doctor),
instead of earning money by ameliorating or curing his
clients, will earn it by killing them, and the amount he
earns will be in proportion to the clients he robs of
their lives. In a coercion-free, laissez-faire
capitalist system, the blending of force with economics
is barred, and money is therefore earned by physicians
through the rendering of services beneficial to doctors
and patients alike. Doctors tend to maximize the
swiftness of their cures, the civility of their
relationships, and the technological finesse of their
facilities in order to maximize profit in a scheme
purely compatible with reality. In a laissez-faire
system, the sole purpose of government is to prevent or
punish the imposition of force, i.e. to counter
parasitism and thereby foster a purely rational economic
system. However, should reality be defied through the
legalization of euthanasia, of money-making murder, then
certain doctors will employ it to, in their
irrationality, earn something for nothing, to earn life
for death (as the sole purpose of such legalization will
be to permit them to do so). In order to maximize
profit, those depraved creatures will seek to kill their
patients in the most efficient way possible, and because
they earn money for the killing, they will frequently
persuade their patients to commit suicide even absent
the case of a terminal illness or irreversible
disability. Death rates will soar, as will the inpouring
of cash for Death Doctors, which will result in ever
more dramatic escalations of hospitalized killing for
ever more trivial purposes. Only when the amount of
patients available for killing, i.e. all of humanity,
will expire, will the parasites perish themselves.
Additionally, it
is a fundamentally flawed conception that there exist
lives which are "not worth living". No matter what the
degree of a person's disability, he is still capable of
performing certain elementary as well as complex actions
(depending on the nature of the particular disability).
A man who had been blinded can still sing in a choir. A
man who is mute can still write treatises. A man who is
both can still perform athletic feats such as sit-ups or
push-ups which do not require extensive spatial
orientation. Or he can specialize in the reading of
Braille texts. Every human being possesses certain
limitations of ability due to the choices he had earlier
devised as well as certain both advantageous and
unfortunate circumstances that had affected him during
his life. This does not in any manner bar him from
accessing all categories of life, nor does it stifle all
aspirations for greatness and extraordinariness. Even a
terminally ill man still, until the time of his death,
has values open to him. He is able to engage in
discourse, spend valuable time with friends and family,
pursue his milder hobbies, and even create lasting
intellectual products, such as essays, poems, musical
compositions, or even his own will. Because he is aware
of the fact that his pursuit of values is temporally
limited by his physical condition, instead of committing
suicide he should on the contrary live his last days to
the fullest, furnishing an inextinguishable legacy and
self-amelioration to the maximum extend of his
capacities. Moreover, he should strive to prolong his
existence, and, thus, his pursuit of values, for as
great a time as possible. He should pay for the most
advanced life support systems and containment drugs, for
money outside his own life needs possess no value to
him. (Money is but a means to self-amelioration.) He
should, with all the efforts of his mind and body,
combat the menace within and aim toward a cure to his
ailment. Values are still open to him, even when he lies
unconscious, his lungs' functionality maintained by a
respirator. He lives, after all, and he has chosen with
his rational faculty to uphold the essential health of
his organs and thus paid his hospital to imbue his lungs
with life. The value he receives is the consequence of
such a decision, his existence.
The calculus that one would wish to die in order to "not
burden his loved ones" is but another example of the
sacrificial altruism/collectivism of the death premise.
A rational man will prioritize his values in the
following manner: his own life, then that of the people
from whom he derives friendship, comfort, assistance,
and pleasure. Therefore, all of the financial resources
that are legitimately his should rationally be devoted
to prolonging his own life and pursuit of values. To
love one's family is a virtue; both parties receive
material and emotional commodities from the
relationship. To
sacrifice to one's
family is a vice; one surrenders one's own existence,
prosperity, and integrity to receive nothing in return
from those one supposedly "loves". One transforms his
family into parasites, who, in one's eyes, require one's
death to achieve a transitory financial alleviation. It
is a service to the death premise on both sides. If,
say, one of my parents or grandparents had chosen to
apply to a physician for their destruction, I would
condemn them for warping me into a plunderer of man's
most precious commodity against my consent. Moreover, I
would feel gravely insulted at their thoughts that my
sole possible means of survival entail the consumption
of the corpses of my family.
If we accept the contrary premise, that "some lives are
not worth living", then so-called "voluntary euthanasia"
(as I had explained, no such concept exists in reality,
because any form of assisted suicide is an inherently
coercive practice), the murder of a patient with the
latter's consent, will not be the extent of Death
Doctors' practices. Every statistical figure within
boundaries that have legalized euthanasia testifies in
support of such a conclusion. Wesley J. Smith,
anti-euthanasia activist, attorney for the Task Force on
Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide, and author of the book,
Culture of Death: The
Assault on Medical Ethics in America,
reveals a frightening scenario currently in place within
the very borders of the United States. "Oregon has
legalized assisted suicide where studies show that most
who swallow prescribed poison do so in order not to
'burden' their families. Meanwhile, beneath the media's
radar, 'futile care' protocols are being quietly
implemented in hospitals across the country that
arrogantly give doctors and ethics committees the right
to refuse unwanted life-extending treatment unilaterally
if the doctor believes the patient's quality of life is
insufficient to justify the cost of care. At the same
time, cognitively disabled patients-- both conscious and
unconscious-- are made to die slow deaths by dehydration
in all 50 states by having their tube-supplied food and
water withheld or withdrawn on the basis that their
lives are no longer worth living. In such a cultural
milieu, is it really surprising that some medical
professionals would take the extra step of 'mercy'
killing dying, elderly, and disabled patients or that a
few evil psychopaths would use 'compassion' as a front
for the fulfillment of their homicidal obsessions?" Any
time a man acquires the perception that his own life is
not worth living, he commits the immoral deed of
destroying himself. However, the more destructive
mindset is within the healthy, middle-aged, fully
capacitated man who assumes such a mindset in regard to
the lives of "some others". This creates an inherent
distinction between his standing and that of another
man, it places him, whose life
is
"worth living" in the position to
dispose of the lives of others and impose destructive
force upon them. Such a mentality subverts the doctrine
that man must place no authority above his own rational
mind, that the disabled or the terminally ill ultimately
have only the fruits of their own syntheses and
deliberations to rely upon. It places those people in
subjugation to the entrenched elites of leftist academia
who scoff at the notion of equal human rights and an
inherent distinction between a human being (who cannot
be assailed or violated unless he is the initiator of
force) and an animal (whose exploitation as a resource
is acceptable, as he is not a being of volitional
consciousness). This new breed of bioethicists
ultimately seeks to bring about a scheme for social
engineering, coupled with government-controlled managed
care and medical resources. The patients who can afford
in a laissez-faire environment to sustain themselves
from their own pocketbooks, but whose lives are too
costly under a rationing environment will be euthanized
to "alleviate financial burdens" from the State. It is
not collectivism which holds a man back from suicide, as
Mr. Daleford claims. It is collectivism, instead, which
fuels the assisted suicide movement by having regulated
health care in the first place, now seeking a rationale
for rationing which it does not possess under a calculus
which recognizes the absolutism of individual life.
Let us examine
another instance of legalized euthanasia so extensively
lauded by its proponents. Mr. Smith writes on the
matter, "We need only look to the Netherlands for proof
that widespread acceptance of the culture of death leads
inexorably to non-voluntary euthanasia. The Netherlands
has permitted doctors to kill patients who volunteer to
die since a court decision essentially decriminalized
the practice in 1973. Since then, Dutch doctors have
skied down the steepest of slippery slopes, normalizing
medicalized killing in the process. Today, Dutch doctors
lethally inject dying people who ask for it; chronically
ill people who ask for it; disabled people who ask for
it; depressed people who ask for it; and disabled babies
whose parents ask for it." Early advocates of "death
with dignity" had merely asserted that a terminally ill
patient should possess the ability to hasten his already
inevitable demise via a physician. While this is a
horrendous suggestion, what occurs in the status quo is
far more disturbing.
With the legalization of any assisted suicide, the scope
of eligible victims shall inevitably broaden.
The most alarming of these
instances is the murder of already born infants with
nothing but their parents' consent as the sanction. Now,
my stance concerning the illegitimacy of abortion is
known, due to considerations of futuristic certainty in
the development of the fetus's volitional consciousness.
Here, however, not mere futuristic certainty, but
consciousness already existent
from the moment of birth,
is being eradicated from the caprice of parents who,
only in the most primeval of societies, hold the power
of life or death over their progeny. The legalistic
positivist will argue that children are yet incompetent
to fully manage their lives, and therefore the law
assures parental guardianship and supremacy over them
until a certain age. While this is true and proper, such
guardianship is strictly
limited in scope and
must prescribe to the same Hippocratic Counsel that
Death Doctors have systematically violated, "First, do
no harm". The parents, entering into a value-exchange
with their children, are obliged to exercise rationality
to ensure life, not death for young ones who may yet not
have fully developed to assure such conditions through
full independence, but for whom the latter is a
necessary goal. Any interpretation to the contrary would
legitimize the termination of sixteen-year-olds, still
technically susceptible to parental guardianship, on
grounds no less fallible than are the arbitrary whims of
their custodians.
Moreover,
physicians have taken the dreadful next step in the
Netherlands to euthanize fully conscious adults against
their consent. According to Terence Monmaney, Medical
Writer for the Los Angeles Times, "Chris Rutenfrans, a
criminologist in the Department of Justice in The Hague,
said that their analysis shows that nearly half of all
doctor-assisted deaths in the Netherlands in 1995 (2844
out of 6368) were not voluntary. 'In too many cases,' he
said, 'it is the physician who decides.'" So much for
"do no harm" and the purely
consensual
relations of laissez-faire
capitalism. Both go down the drain along with the blood
of euthanized corpses in any society which sanctions
murder and protects the murderers.
So, as a result, not merely is suicide
objectively and metaphysically
immoral, but a decision
to seek assistance in the commission thereof will
inevitably reflect upon other others in the form of
imposed suicide, murder, as death becomes profitable and
life no longer remains so. This is the hallmark of a
feudal, statist, collectivist society, not an
individualist one in which coercion is banned and only
free mutually beneficial economic exchanges are "let
alone". I must emphasize that, like Mr. Daleford, I am
an atheist and I do not advocate the imposition of
religious beliefs upon men living in a free,
Constitutional country. However, I dare say Mr. Daleford
is mistaken in assuming that the only pro-lifers are
religionists or need-calculus liberals. I am a secular
Objectivist conservative, and I condemn suicide as
incompatible with the fundamental individual right to
life. A "right to die" implies a right to have someone
kill you, which that someone can easily and logically
(under such a premise) transform into
their
right to kill you, whether or not you choose to allow it
them. Again, this is because any suicidal inclination
holds within it the delusion that the victim is
undeserving of life. This automatically subordinates him
to society or to any tainted creature who profanes the
good name of "doctor", and such entities may do with him
as they please.
In order to defend the sanctity of human life and the
individual rights therefrom derived, it is essential
that the law retain its rightful purpose of enforcing
only peaceful value-trading and prosecuting the
initiation of force that is euthanasia.
Interactive Discourse:
MR. DALEFORD:
I shall begin with a
question to you, Mr. Stolyarov. You may recall my
example of Dr. Bridgman's gruesome suicide as the
consequence of the law's prohibition of euthanasia. What
disgusting sights that must have yielded the man's
relatives and friends! What trauma they must have
undergone in transforming his condition from that of a
bloodied corpse to that of a properly buried man! Is
that not a coercive imposition on their welfares and a
source of suffering for them due to the fact that the
law did not allow Dr. Bridgman the ability to die
tranquilly?
MR. STOLYAROV:
You are correct in
stating that this act was a coercive imposition upon his
loved ones. Any suicide is. Only here they were forced
to clean up his remnants and experience mind-wrecking
distress, and in the event that Dr. Bridgman were
euthanized, they would be branded with the status of
parasites, thriving from his death. Both cases are a
result of Dr. Bridgman's deviation from the facts of
reality, which prescribe for every man not merely a
course of action
(reason), but also its
purpose (life). You may
recall my essay, "An
Objectivist Condemnation of Abortion",
in which a similar double bind of death was
demonstrated. Either the mothers who sought to murder
the children within them performed underground pregnancy
terminations which rendered them susceptible to
infection, puncture, and loss of blood, or the law did
it for them, neatly, cleanly, tidily, but still
murdering an innocent human being. Any time that the
absolutism of life is denied (as is the case in terms of
suicide by definition), death and force are the only
logical consequences.
MR. DALEFORD:
But in asserting that you are essentially dictating that
men must abide by your preference that they live. Do you
not by that rob them of mastery over their own lives?
MR. STOLYAROV:
By no means. Life does
not belong to God or to society. It belongs to the
individual. However, the individual possesses no right
to violate the rights of others. In committing suicide
within a home that one shares with his relatives, one is
violating the relatives' right of free association. (No
one honestly would wish to clean up blown-out brains or
a pool of blood, and in this case, the suicidist is no
longer capable of paying for the "service".) In the case
of euthanasia, the doctor is violating the patient's
right to life (by defying the Hippocratic Counsel), and
so is the patient's family forced to violate his rights
(by parasitically thriving on his death). Moreover, the
family's right to liberty is being violated, since each
individual relative of the suicidist no longer possesses
the authority to preclude the breach of integrity which
has transformed him into a parasite. Suicide is not a
demonstration of self-ownership, but rather one of
anti-selfish destruction.
MR. DALEFORD:
But by that same logic,
would you not also prohibit substances such as narcotics
or tobacco which are slow inducers of the consumers'
deaths?
MR. STOLYAROV:
As a matter of fact, I would encourage the prohibition
of such substances, but only under the firm conviction
that no beneficial uses
are to be found. I
would support, for example, the use of marijuana and
morphine as pain killers in medical facilities, or the
consumption of chocolate, fatty foods, and miscellaneous
sweets in moderation. It is up to the consumer's
discretion to administer to himself quantities which are
beneficial to his existence (as chocolate, fat, and even
alcohol have been found to exhibit desirable effects if
not abused). However, I do not wish for legal sanction
to be granted to substances whose sole purpose is to
destroy, be they in the meantime instilling an illusion
of euphoria or not. Tobacco, cocaine, and heroin fall
into that category, and their manufacturers and
distributors must be targeted as parasites that thrive
off the deaths and suffering of others. Such drug
traders are plunderers,
not capitalists, for
capitalism is an economic system based on free
association, not coercion. When one is addicted to
death, one's association can hardly be called free.
MR. DALEFORD:
Then, let me place a
more overt question before you. Do you see it as a
proper function of law to prevent men from acting on the
death premise when such actions do not affect others?
MR. STOLYAROV:
In that case, no.
Neither private individuals nor society in general are
obliged to maintain an entity's life gratuitously. I
would consider it a moral virtue to dissuade suicidists,
as, according to my impression, would you. Nevertheless,
I cannot force a man not to consume a box of Twinkies in
one sitting, even if that will quicken the pace at which
his organism disintegrates. However, as outright
suicide (not masked by any motives, such as
pseudo-pleasure or a pseudo-life premise) is not an act
that affects solely the victim, its apprehension is
within the functions of law. Of course, police officers
cannot enter into the home of every citizen and monitor
him for "tendencies", but they can detect attempts to
seek outside assistance for the commission of suicide
and prosecute mostly the physician who agrees to provide
the "service", although imprisoning the victim or
referring him to a
private rehabilitation
center (i.e. one not sustained at taxpayers' expense)
are also suitable remedies.
MR. DALEFORD:
So, you are essentially
leaving to the man who no longer wishes to live the only
choice of brutally destroying himself as Dr. Bridgman
had done, for he will know that the only means of
successful suicide will be through a gun or a kitchen
knife at home.
MR. STOLYAROV:
It is precisely because
such a choice is most repulsive that it is preferable in
the realm of suicide choices to a clean and tidy
euthanasia. Do you understand the deterrent effect it
would create for men inclined toward self-destruction?
How many people would have the courage to blow their
brains out who, when offered it, would have willingly
gone along with a needle in their vein? The ultimate
effect of a prohibition of euthanasia would, therefore,
be a dramatic reduction of suicides due to the
psychological inability of most to pull the trigger on
themselves.
MR. DALEFORD:
And what of those who
do
possess the courage to pull the trigger? Will they still
not inflict massive discomfort if not damage?
MR. STOLYAROV:
At least they will be
the sole culprits in the violation, who will already
have been punished by their own deaths, unlike the Death
Doctors who would have continued to euthanize more
victims, often against the consent of the latter. Law is
not an efficient force in the realm of perpetrators such
as Dr. Bridgman, and the optimal means of dissuading
those individuals from committing suicide is through
discourse and (private, uncoerced) education.
By the way, Wesley Smith expresses some profound words
on the matter: "The most effective weapons in the
pro-assisted-suicide arsenal are fear-mongering,
distortion, euphemism, half-truths, and lies, all
deployed to the drumbeat of 'choice.' False arguments
are gladly spread by the contemporary media, which avoid
depth and context, preferring 30-second sound bites,
tabloidism, and soap-opera shallowness. The best defense
against this propaganda onslaught is to be constantly
about the business of spreading truth. After six years
in the moral struggle against the culture of death, I
can state confidently that the more people learn about
assisted suicide, the less they support it. The key to
victory, then, is education, education, education.”
For example, men inclined toward seeking a Death Doctor
may find it frightening that the cultural shift toward
the perception of death as a solution and of some human
beings as inherently “unworthy” was precisely the one
that had occurred during the early days of Nazi Germany.
Nat Henthoff, a liberal commentator for the Washington
Times, who nevertheless espouses a pro-life standpoint,
offers insight into the matter. “In a prophetic article
in the July 14, 1949 issue of the New England Journal of
Medicine, [Dr. Leo Alexander, an agent for the chief
counsel for war crimes during the Nuremberg War Crimes
Trial] examined the initial causes of the Holocaust. The
beginnings, he wrote, were merely a subtle shift in
emphasis in the basic attitude of the physicians. It
started with the acceptance, basic in the euthanasia
movement, that there is such a thing as ‘life not worthy
to be lived.’ The Nazis described the patients they
killed as ‘useless eaters.’ Not long before Alexander's
death in 1984, he warned that the same lethal attitudes
were taking root in this country. He cited the rise of
the death with dignity movement, which advocated what
later became more widely known as assisted suicide
doctors providing the means for patients to kill
themselves, which is now legal in Oregon.” Under the
guise of individual choice (the rhetoric of which
appeals to irrationality only, for, as I have proven, no
man can rationally choose to seek death under any
circumstances), the suicidists are being exploited for
the purpose of adding fuel to the fire of statism and
gradually fostering an implicit tradition of eliminating
the terminally ill, the disabled, or even men whom the
dominant elite (be it the National-Socialist Party or
some affirmative action pressure group) judges to be
inferior by no reason other than that of arbitrary
polylogist hogwash.
MR. DALEFORD:
Yet I by no means
advocate involuntary euthanasia or
any societal controls
over the way an individual disposes of his own life. It
is unfortunate that the mainstream of the current
euthanasia front seeks to win this cause for a wicked
end, the elimination of “unnecessary burdens” to a
government rationed care system. They are like a
plunderer using a gun to rob money from an innocent. But
a gun can also be a useful tool for self-protection and
simply because it can be abused, does not mean that it
must be abolished altogether. This sort of employment
of euthanasia as a “puppet doctrine” would not have been
a viable weapon for centralization advocates under a
laissez-faire system in which medicine would no longer
be related to government in any way. Both of us support
uncoerced medicine, which implies no Medicare, no
federal rationing incentives, and no "futile care
protocols" imposed upon hospitals. It implies that a
patient would not be euthanized without his explicit,
voluntary, written consent, and the government,
fulfilling its proper role of enforcing negative
obligations, would without any reservations prosecute a
physician who presents
any sort of unwanted
treatment.
MR. STOLYAROV:
I doubt that the gun analogy is applicable to the matter
at hand, particularly because a gun can be a tool for
preserving one’s life,
while suicide by definition cannot serve such a purpose.
Moreover, you claim, Mr. Daleford, that all the past
examples of euthanasia’s abuse and the inevitable
transition from “voluntary” to “involuntary” sorts is a
result of petty bureaucrats overthrowing the genuine
functions of a laissez-faire capitalist system. It may
seem that you have a powerful argument here: absolute
liberalization of markets had never before been
completely attempted, hence the follies of euthanasia’s
overstepping proper boundaries which a laissez-faire
society would lack. But I will counter it with this: No
past society has been fully laissez-faire. However,
those elements within it that pertained to a
capitalistic society (free enterprise, the stock market,
price deregulation) had all resulted in prosperity for
that society in proportion to their presence. Therefore,
elements
of pure capitalism are functional even in a system not
purely capitalistic. If euthanasia were such an element
and a true representative of the right of free choice
and voluntary association, cases of abuse would have
been virtually non-existent or sporadic. In the
Netherlands, however, the figure of involuntarily
euthanized patients is
near one half of all
men having participated in assisted suicide. This links
to my contention that this cultural transition to social
planning of human lives as a result of the euthanasia
movement “opening the door” is not an accidental
phenomenon, but a necessary philosophical extrapolation
if, even on an individual level, one accepts that the
death premise, one stating that some lives are not worth
living, as valid. It is also due to the fact that any
form of assisted suicide is inherently coercive and
parasitic for all parties involved.
Moreover, Mr.
Daleford, we are both advocates of minimalist government
which only prosecutes violations of liberties and does
not extend its scope beyond it. If cases of euthanasia
abuse remain as frequent as experience had demonstrated,
then imagine the scope of the agencies that would be
required to contain it and punish violators of patients’
consent. How many thousands of regulatory agencies would
loom over hospitals, watching physicians to pre-empt any
remotely suspicious move? And, most dismayingly, over
half of assisted suicide physicians would be eligible
for such penalties as are imposed upon them! Would it
not be more convenient for taxpayers not to “open the
door” in the first place and bar any violation of the
Hippocratic Counsel so that any remote hint of a suicide
practitioner may be tracked down without a major
inflation of the government budget (on a far more
infrequent level than would have occurred with legalized
euthanasia, as no law-abiding doctor would possess the
equipment and poisons deliberately intended for the
administration of death)?
MR. DALEFORD:
Let me now pursue another line of questioning. Do you
believe that a man must not opt to surrender his life at
all costs?
MR. STOLYAROV:
Indeed I do.
MR. DALEFORD:
Does that not then
exclude the functions of such essential professions as
the military, which protects American security interests
abroad?
MR. STOLYAROV:
Not at all. A soldier
does not enter combat with the intention to die. His
wish and his aim are quite the opposite, to survive and
defeat the enemy aggressor. This is especially true in a
country whose tactics are wholly opposed to using men as
cannon fodder and seek to inflict maximum damage with
minimum losses. Yes, as in any enterprise, there is a
risk
of death, but the soldier resumes his fight only because
he relies on the fairly high probability that such a
risk will not be realized and that his own prowess and
rationality will enable him to evade it. A suicidist, on
the other hand, is not acting
selfishly,
for luxury or prosperity or security or profit, but
committing the ultimate
sacrifice, the
surrender of his life (which possesses infinite
potential value) to the ultimate non-value, death.
MR. DALEFORD:
What then, of a man
like Patrick Henry, who uttered “Give me Liberty or give
me Death”, as a sign of the refusal to live in a state
of negative value,
wherein British extortionists drained the colonies’
wealth and gave nothing in return? I think that
signifies the existence of states lower on the value
scale than the zero that is death, and I think such
immense pain as terminally ill individuals undergo may
in certain instances qualify for a negative-value
existence.
MR. STOLYAROV:
I disagree. Mr. Henry, first of all, had undertaken the
same risk as a soldier, selfishly preserving the
liberties of his homeland against an aggressor and an
oppressor, and seeking only one result (which he did
achieve in the end), victory and freedom. He had
realized that man cannot survive absent freedom and that
he would be destroyed by his foes should his efforts
toward liberty be insufficient or thwarted.
Nevertheless, he did not deliberately seek death
as a goal. He sought
liberty as a necessary condition for the life proper to
man, i.e. a life where man can truly survive. A
euthanasia victim does not seek to undertake a
calculated risk in order to extinguish the plague of
illness or disability within him (as he would have done
had he chosen to remain living), but rather to commit
outright, surefire
self-destruction. He
seeks to “escape” from his enemy (which he cannot do).
The end result, of course, is that he submits to such a
foe and permits his sole basis for value and perception,
his life, to be annihilated. Anytime that is called a
moral right (as is the title of Mr. Bowden’s article, if
I may recall), we experience an absolute perversion of
morality.
MR. DALEFORD:
Nevertheless,
forcing
people to “do good” unto
themselves, as a government abolition of euthanasia
would accomplish under your premises, is antithetical to
the conception of rights, and in a society where
voluntary assisted suicide is not recognized as an
option, the form of government is a
dictatorship. You would
be a benevolent dictator, albeit a dictator
nevertheless.
MR. STOLYAROV:
It is not an act of
dictatorship to prosecute the initiation of force (by a
euthanasia physician, by the victim upon his family)
which is an inherent violation of rights. As I have
shown, legalized self-destruction is incompatible with a
free society, just as a “right to die” is a bogus
fabrication antithetical to the right to live. The right
to live still implies the right to refuse unwanted
medical treatment as well as the fact that society
possesses no positive
obligation to succor
men on the basis of need. Nevertheless, it is the
rightful province of law to prevent the
wanton destruction
by one entity of another on the basis of
whim.
Had euthanasia been compatible with limited government
and laissez-faire capitalism, it would have functioned
properly under any political or economic system, as all
aspects of capitalism are unconditionally functional and
virtuous. Since this is empirically disproved, we may
conclude that euthanasia is an anti-capitalistic,
statist, and immoral practice which needs to be stifled
by the enforcers of the negative obligation theory of
rights.
Sources Cited:
Bowden, Thomas A. Ayn Rand Institute. “Assisted Suicide:
A Moral Right.” Available October 13, 2002:
http://religion.aynrand.org/suicide.html.
Bowden, Thomas A. Ayn Rand Institute. April 1, 2002.
“Assisted Suicide: A Moral Right. Ashcroft’s Decree
Threatens Doctors’ and Patients’ Rights.” Available
October 13, 2002:
http://www.aynrand.org/medialink/asuicideright.shtml.
Henthoff, Nat. Pro-Life Infonet “Assisted Suicide:
License to Kill.” Available October 13, 2002:
http://www.prolifeinfo.org/euth007.html.
Monmaney, Terrence. Los Angeles Times, June 4, 1997.
Smith, Wesley J. Pro-Life Infonet. “The Culture of Death
Angels.” Available October 13, 2002:
http://www.prolifeinfo.org/euth008.html.
Smith, Wesley J. New Oxford Review, Dec. 1999. “When
death is our physician.” Available October 13, 2002:
http://www.prolifeinfo.org/art020.html.
Edmund Daleford is
a freelance writer whose works have been published on
Enter Stage Right. He is also the Vice Editor-in-Chief
of The Rational Argumentator.
G. Stolyarov II is a science
fiction novelist, independent filosofical essayist,
poet, amateur mathematician, composer, contributor to
Enter Stage Right,
Le Quebecois Libre, and the
Ludwig von Mises Institute,
Senior Writer for
The Liberal Institute, and
Editor-in-Chief of
The Rational Argumentator, a
magazine championing the principles of reason, rights,
and progress. His newest science fiction novel is
Eden against the Colossus.
His latest non-fiction treatise is
A Rational Cosmology. Mr.
Stolyarov can be contacted at
gennadystolyarovii@yahoo.com.